AI-assisted review
Instance benchmark

Hetzner ccx23

The complete benchmark report. Every workload, in one place.

4 vCPU15.2 GiB RAMx86_64Nuremberg, DE
Published report · 17 Oct 2026 · One deployment · 22 min test windowUbuntu 24.04.4 · Region nbg1 · Method pilot-1

All values below are medians of passed runs unless stated otherwise.

01 /

CPU performance

sysbench 1.0.20 prime workload · 1 thread and all 4 vCPUs.

1,649events/s
Single thread
3,595events/s
All 4 vCPUs
Events / sec
  • 1 thread
    1,649
  • 4 threads
    3,595

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per thread count.

gzip fixed corpus · compression input throughput 205.8 MiB/s · single run.

02 /

Memory bandwidth

sysbench 1.0.20 memory · sequential read and write operations.

Read33,070 MiB/s
Write26,263 MiB/s
CopyNot measured
Throughput (MiB/s)
  • Read
    33,070
  • Write
    26,263
  • Copy
    Not measured

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per operation. The copy workload is deferred in this methodology.

03 /

Disk performance

fio 3.36 · direct I/O · sequential, random and mixed jobs measured separately.

WorkloadThroughputp95 latency
Sequential read4,568 MB/s9,372 µs
Sequential write3,417 MB/s12,780 µs
Random read73,487 IOPS577.5 µs
Random write46,757 IOPS1,286 µs
Random mix · read25,230 IOPS1,139 µs
Random mix · write10,815 IOPS2,073 µs

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per job. The mixed job's reads and writes are listed separately.

04 /

Network performance

Source: Nuremberg, DE · published internet speed observations.

No published internet speed test for this plan and region.

The original capped iperf path checks are retained as historical evidence under Evidence.

05 /

PostgreSQL performance

PostgreSQL 16.15 · pgbench · in-memory and storage-bound datasets.

Dataset profileTransactions / secAverage latencyPassed runs
In memory3,6991.08 ms3 of 3 passed
Storage-bound3,3321.20 ms3 of 3 passed

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per dataset. Latency percentiles were not measured.

06 /

Consistency across runs

One deployment · repeated runs inside the recorded test window.

24-hour consistencyNot measured

Workload skipped · No measured score. This report covers a 22 min test window, so no time series exists and none is drawn.

RepetitionCPU 1 threadMemory readRandom readPostgreSQL
11,650 events/s33,299 MiB/s73,487 IOPS3,695 tx/s
21,649 events/s33,070 MiB/s73,487 IOPS3,713 tx/s
31,642 events/s33,056 MiB/s73,717 IOPS3,699 tx/s

Individual runs, not medians. PostgreSQL uses the in-memory dataset. Spread within one test window does not establish long-term consistency.

07 /

Inspect the evidence.

Recorded environment, reviewed measurements and the published snapshot.

OSUbuntu 24.04.4 LTS
Architecturex86_64
Methodpilot-1
Deployments1
Window22 min
report.json

Reviewed, sanitized snapshot: every run, the environment record and all limitations. Raw intake logs remain private.

Read the full methodology

One deployment describes this report, not every server a provider operates.

A 22 min test window does not establish 24-hour consistency or long-term reliability.

AI-assisted review · AI-assisted review · Reviewed 18 Oct 2026 · Published 18 Oct 2026 · Revision 1

Review and measurement limits
  • Single deployment; not an independent three-instance cohort.
  • No hardware attestation.
  • Pilot memory implements read/write; copy workload deferred.
  • Network endpoints must be supplied by the operator; no public third-party servers are used.
  • Database latency distribution is not available from this pilot parser; average latency only.
  • This profile is not a full implementation of all proposed methodology tests.
  • Resource-constrained environment: CPU workers and RAM reflect affinity/cgroup limits, not host capacity. Private resource-limits evidence retains both; do not merge container/VM or architecture cohorts.
  • Short profile: does not establish 24-hour consistency.
  • This report received AI-assisted evidence review under user-delegated authorization. This is not independent human verification or hardware attestation.
  • This pilot measures its recorded test window. It does not establish 24-hour consistency, long-term reliability or provider-wide performance.
  • Network tests use two controlled endpoints, one stream, a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and a requested 64 MiB byte target per direction. Reverse-mode polling can exceed that byte target; actual sent and received bytes govern traffic accounting. These results do not measure maximum link capacity.
  • Provider, region and SKU were matched to retained deployment records. Missing detected values and deployment locations within a detected Hetzner network zone use operator-supplied context and remain labelled supplied. The original detected network zone is retained privately; the detected datacenter zone remains in the report. Control-plane records and checksums do not attest the physical host or establish physical-host independence.
  • Package versions and available guard and journal evidence were reviewed. These records do not establish continuous absence of package activity throughout the test window.
  • The pilot includes memory read/write and average PostgreSQL latency. Memory-copy tests and PostgreSQL latency percentiles are not implemented. Skipped consistency and missing measurements are not scores.
  • These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
Environment and configuration
Recorded fieldValue
ProviderHetzner · detected
RegionNuremberg, DE (nbg1) · supplied
Planccx23 · supplied
CPUAMD EPYC-Milan Processor
Architecturex86_64
Kernel6.8.0-138-generic
Virtualizationkvm
Agent0.2.0 (45388107250ca6e26b216f15a9c17b8d405ec1b7+source.ff98e866b26b3ac76b512554)
Dependenciessysbench: sysbench 1.0.20 · fio: fio-3.36 · iperf3: iperf 3.16 (cJSON 1.7.15) · postgresql: postgres (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · pgbench: pgbench (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · gzip: gzip 1.12 · apt:sysbench: 1.0.20+ds-6build2 · apt:fio: 3.36-1ubuntu0.1 · apt:iperf3: 3.16-1build2 · apt:postgresql-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:postgresql-client-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:gzip: 1.12-1ubuntu3.2
Configuration hash9e8075645d6598a30b0237c1587dec935462d0ffec08f617badecd7a4a61d937
Started2026-10-17T15:55:24.226Z
Finished2026-10-17T16:17:20.629Z
Execution statuscompleted
Historical capped network path checks

Original full benchmark deployment · 17 Oct 2026. These controlled iperf path checks used a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and do not measure internet speed or maximum link capacity. RTT is the probe mean; jitter and packet loss were not measured. The original report JSON retains these measurements.

Controlled destinationDownloadUploadRTTJitterLoss
Controlled endpoint 1100.1 Mbit/s100.1 Mbit/s2.97 ms——
Controlled endpoint 2100.1 Mbit/s100.1 Mbit/s0.64 ms——
Every measured repetition and outcome

CPU performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 1passedEvents per second1,650 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 1passedEvents per second3,595 events/s
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 2passedEvents per second1,649 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 2passedEvents per second3,596 events/s
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 3passedEvents per second1,642 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 3passedEvents per second3,595 events/s
gzip fixed corpus · repetition 1passedCompression input throughput205.8 MiB/s

Memory bandwidth

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Memory read · repetition 1passedBandwidth33,299 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 1passedBandwidth26,281 MiB/s
Memory read · repetition 2passedBandwidth33,070 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 2passedBandwidth26,120 MiB/s
Memory read · repetition 3passedBandwidth33,056 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 3passedBandwidth26,263 MiB/s

Disk performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth3,205 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite operations3,056 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency10,027 µs
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency13,435 µs
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency16,908 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread bandwidth4,568 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 1passedread operations4,356 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p50 latency7,111 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p95 latency9,372 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p99 latency10,945 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth191.5 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite operations46,757 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency553.0 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency1,286 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency1,401 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread bandwidth301.0 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread operations73,487 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p50 latency415.7 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p95 latency577.5 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p99 latency880.6 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread bandwidth98.6 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread operations24,080 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p50 latency929.8 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p95 latency1,139 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p99 latency1,286 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth42.3 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite operations10,324 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency1,020 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency2,146 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency2,802 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth3,417 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite operations3,259 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency9,372 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency12,780 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency15,532 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread bandwidth4,850 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 2passedread operations4,625 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p50 latency6,652 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p95 latency8,847 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p99 latency10,420 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth188.5 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite operations46,009 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency553.0 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency1,303 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency1,401 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread bandwidth301.0 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread operations73,487 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p50 latency411.6 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p95 latency585.7 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p99 latency938.0 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread bandwidth104.1 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread operations25,422 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p50 latency847.9 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p95 latency1,139 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p99 latency1,319 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth44.6 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite operations10,900 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency987.1 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency2,023 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency2,736 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth3,685 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite operations3,514 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency8,716 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency11,731 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency14,746 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread bandwidth4,315 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 3passedread operations4,115 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p50 latency7,569 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p95 latency9,896 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p99 latency11,731 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth196.4 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite operations47,947 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency544.8 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency1,270 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency1,384 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread bandwidth301.9 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread operations73,717 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p50 latency415.7 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p95 latency569.3 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p99 latency872.4 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread bandwidth103.3 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread operations25,230 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p50 latency847.9 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p95 latency1,139 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p99 latency1,319 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth44.3 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite operations10,815 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency995.3 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency2,073 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency2,736 µs

Network performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.2 Mbit/s
Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Latency endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedRound-trip mean2.97 ms
Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.2 Mbit/s
Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Latency endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedRound-trip mean0.64 ms

PostgreSQL performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1passedTransactions3,695 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1passedAverage latency1.08 ms
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2passedTransactions3,713 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2passedAverage latency1.08 ms
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3passedTransactions3,699 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3passedAverage latency1.08 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1passedTransactions3,390 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1passedAverage latency1.18 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2passedTransactions3,253 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2passedAverage latency1.23 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3passedTransactions3,332 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3passedAverage latency1.20 ms

Consistency over time

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
24-hour consistency · repetition 1skippedNo measured scoreNot measured