AI-assisted review
Instance benchmark

Hetzner cpx32

The complete benchmark report. Every workload, in one place.

4 vCPU7.6 GiB RAMx86_64Singapore, SG
Published report · 17 Oct 2026 · One deployment · 22 min test windowUbuntu 24.04.4 · Region sin · Method pilot-1

All values below are medians of passed runs unless stated otherwise.

01 /

CPU performance

sysbench 1.0.20 prime workload · 1 thread and all 4 vCPUs.

1,641events/s
Single thread
6,561events/s
All 4 vCPUs
Events / sec
  • 1 thread
    1,641
  • 4 threads
    6,561

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per thread count.

gzip fixed corpus · compression input throughput 205.5 MiB/s · single run.

02 /

Memory bandwidth

sysbench 1.0.20 memory · sequential read and write operations.

Read30,883 MiB/s
Write25,614 MiB/s
CopyNot measured
Throughput (MiB/s)
  • Read
    30,883
  • Write
    25,614
  • Copy
    Not measured

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per operation. The copy workload is deferred in this methodology.

03 /

Disk performance

fio 3.36 · direct I/O · sequential, random and mixed jobs measured separately.

WorkloadThroughputp95 latency
Sequential read4,114 MB/s10,682 µs
Sequential write3,385 MB/s11,207 µs
Random read68,311 IOPS659.5 µs
Random write62,789 IOPS757.8 µs
Random mix · read29,807 IOPS1,122 µs
Random mix · write12,785 IOPS1,434 µs

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per job. The mixed job's reads and writes are listed separately.

04 /

Network performance

Source: Singapore, SG · published internet speed observations.

No published internet speed test for this plan and region.

The original capped iperf path checks are retained as historical evidence under Evidence.

05 /

PostgreSQL performance

PostgreSQL 16.15 · pgbench · in-memory and storage-bound datasets.

Dataset profileTransactions / secAverage latencyPassed runs
In memory3,6411.10 ms3 of 3 passed
Storage-bound3,2481.23 ms3 of 3 passed

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per dataset. Latency percentiles were not measured.

06 /

Consistency across runs

One deployment · repeated runs inside the recorded test window.

24-hour consistencyNot measured

Workload skipped · No measured score. This report covers a 22 min test window, so no time series exists and none is drawn.

RepetitionCPU 1 threadMemory readRandom readPostgreSQL
11,642 events/s30,488 MiB/s68,311 IOPS3,637 tx/s
21,638 events/s31,793 MiB/s67,510 IOPS3,669 tx/s
31,641 events/s30,883 MiB/s71,491 IOPS3,641 tx/s

Individual runs, not medians. PostgreSQL uses the in-memory dataset. Spread within one test window does not establish long-term consistency.

07 /

Inspect the evidence.

Recorded environment, reviewed measurements and the published snapshot.

OSUbuntu 24.04.4 LTS
Architecturex86_64
Methodpilot-1
Deployments1
Window22 min
report.json

Reviewed, sanitized snapshot: every run, the environment record and all limitations. Raw intake logs remain private.

Read the full methodology

One deployment describes this report, not every server a provider operates.

A 22 min test window does not establish 24-hour consistency or long-term reliability.

AI-assisted review · AI-assisted review · Reviewed 18 Oct 2026 · Published 18 Oct 2026 · Revision 1

Review and measurement limits
  • Single deployment; not an independent three-instance cohort.
  • No hardware attestation.
  • Pilot memory implements read/write; copy workload deferred.
  • Network endpoints must be supplied by the operator; no public third-party servers are used.
  • Database latency distribution is not available from this pilot parser; average latency only.
  • This profile is not a full implementation of all proposed methodology tests.
  • Resource-constrained environment: CPU workers and RAM reflect affinity/cgroup limits, not host capacity. Private resource-limits evidence retains both; do not merge container/VM or architecture cohorts.
  • Short profile: does not establish 24-hour consistency.
  • This report received AI-assisted evidence review under user-delegated authorization. This is not independent human verification or hardware attestation.
  • This pilot measures its recorded test window. It does not establish 24-hour consistency, long-term reliability or provider-wide performance.
  • Network tests use two controlled endpoints, one stream, a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and a requested 64 MiB byte target per direction. Reverse-mode polling can exceed that byte target; actual sent and received bytes govern traffic accounting. These results do not measure maximum link capacity.
  • Provider, region and SKU were matched to retained deployment records. Missing detected values and deployment locations within a detected Hetzner network zone use operator-supplied context and remain labelled supplied. The original detected network zone is retained privately; the detected datacenter zone remains in the report. Control-plane records and checksums do not attest the physical host or establish physical-host independence.
  • Package versions and available guard and journal evidence were reviewed. These records do not establish continuous absence of package activity throughout the test window.
  • The pilot includes memory read/write and average PostgreSQL latency. Memory-copy tests and PostgreSQL latency percentiles are not implemented. Skipped consistency and missing measurements are not scores.
  • These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
Environment and configuration
Recorded fieldValue
ProviderHetzner · detected
RegionSingapore, SG (sin) · supplied
Plancpx32 · supplied
CPUAMD EPYC-Genoa Processor
Architecturex86_64
Kernel6.8.0-138-generic
Virtualizationkvm
Agent0.2.0 (45388107250ca6e26b216f15a9c17b8d405ec1b7+source.ff98e866b26b3ac76b512554)
Dependenciessysbench: sysbench 1.0.20 · fio: fio-3.36 · iperf3: iperf 3.16 (cJSON 1.7.15) · postgresql: postgres (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · pgbench: pgbench (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · gzip: gzip 1.12 · apt:sysbench: 1.0.20+ds-6build2 · apt:fio: 3.36-1ubuntu0.1 · apt:iperf3: 3.16-1build2 · apt:postgresql-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:postgresql-client-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:gzip: 1.12-1ubuntu3.2
Configuration hasha0431e7c4e968ac1499b95898eaa977cd2ec0f4b2368a6c037ffd9473eb8e397
Started2026-10-17T16:28:43.297Z
Finished2026-10-17T16:50:14.723Z
Execution statuscompleted
Historical capped network path checks

Original full benchmark deployment · 17 Oct 2026. These controlled iperf path checks used a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and do not measure internet speed or maximum link capacity. RTT is the probe mean; jitter and packet loss were not measured. The original report JSON retains these measurements.

Controlled destinationDownloadUploadRTTJitterLoss
Controlled endpoint 199.9 Mbit/s85.9 Mbit/s161.4 ms——
Controlled endpoint 277.7 Mbit/s94.3 Mbit/s158.5 ms——
Every measured repetition and outcome

CPU performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 1passedEvents per second1,642 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 1passedEvents per second6,563 events/s
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 2passedEvents per second1,638 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 2passedEvents per second6,536 events/s
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 3passedEvents per second1,641 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 3passedEvents per second6,561 events/s
gzip fixed corpus · repetition 1passedCompression input throughput205.5 MiB/s

Memory bandwidth

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Memory read · repetition 1passedBandwidth30,488 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 1passedBandwidth25,278 MiB/s
Memory read · repetition 2passedBandwidth31,793 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 2passedBandwidth25,614 MiB/s
Memory read · repetition 3passedBandwidth30,883 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 3passedBandwidth25,685 MiB/s

Disk performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth3,592 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite operations3,425 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency9,110 µs
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency10,813 µs
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency12,648 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread bandwidth4,114 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 1passedread operations3,923 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p50 latency7,635 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p95 latency10,682 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p99 latency11,862 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth255.4 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite operations62,358 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency485.4 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency708.6 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency1,106 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread bandwidth279.8 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread operations68,311 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p50 latency444.4 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p95 latency659.5 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p99 latency880.6 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread bandwidth122.1 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread operations29,807 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p50 latency659.5 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p95 latency1,122 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p99 latency1,319 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth52.4 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite operations12,785 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency684.0 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency1,417 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency2,277 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth3,385 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite operations3,228 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency9,634 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency11,207 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency12,648 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread bandwidth4,293 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 2passedread operations4,094 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p50 latency7,373 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p95 latency10,420 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p99 latency11,731 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth258.0 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite operations62,985 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency469.0 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency798.7 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency1,253 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread bandwidth276.5 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread operations67,510 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p50 latency448.5 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p95 latency667.6 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p99 latency888.8 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread bandwidth122.2 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread operations29,845 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p50 latency659.5 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p95 latency1,122 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p99 latency1,335 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth52.4 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite operations12,802 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency684.0 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency1,434 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency2,277 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth3,255 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite operations3,104 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency10,027 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency11,731 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency13,435 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread bandwidth4,025 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 3passedread operations3,838 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p50 latency7,832 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p95 latency11,076 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p99 latency12,255 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth257.2 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite operations62,789 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency477.2 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency757.8 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency1,221 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread bandwidth292.8 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread operations71,491 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p50 latency423.9 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p95 latency618.5 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p99 latency856.1 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread bandwidth121.0 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread operations29,551 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p50 latency667.6 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p95 latency1,139 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p99 latency1,352 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth51.9 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite operations12,675 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency700.4 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency1,450 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency2,277 µs

Network performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedSender throughput90.2 Mbit/s
Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput85.9 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.0 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput99.9 Mbit/s
Latency endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedRound-trip mean161.4 ms
Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedSender throughput98.2 Mbit/s
Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput94.3 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedSender throughput80.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput77.7 Mbit/s
Latency endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedRound-trip mean158.5 ms

PostgreSQL performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1passedTransactions3,637 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1passedAverage latency1.10 ms
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2passedTransactions3,669 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2passedAverage latency1.09 ms
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3passedTransactions3,641 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3passedAverage latency1.10 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1passedTransactions3,248 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1passedAverage latency1.23 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2passedTransactions3,234 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2passedAverage latency1.24 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3passedTransactions3,298 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3passedAverage latency1.21 ms

Consistency over time

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
24-hour consistency · repetition 1skippedNo measured scoreNot measured