Hetzner cpx32
The complete benchmark report. Every workload, in one place.
All values below are medians of passed runs unless stated otherwise.
CPU performance
sysbench 1.0.20 prime workload · 1 thread and all 4 vCPUs.
Single thread
All 4 vCPUs
- 1 thread1,641
- 4 threads6,561
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per thread count.
gzip fixed corpus · compression input throughput 205.5 MiB/s · single run.
Memory bandwidth
sysbench 1.0.20 memory · sequential read and write operations.
- Read30,883
- Write25,614
- CopyNot measured
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per operation. The copy workload is deferred in this methodology.
Disk performance
fio 3.36 · direct I/O · sequential, random and mixed jobs measured separately.
| Workload | Throughput | p95 latency |
|---|---|---|
| Sequential read | 4,114 MB/s | 10,682 µs |
| Sequential write | 3,385 MB/s | 11,207 µs |
| Random read | 68,311 IOPS | 659.5 µs |
| Random write | 62,789 IOPS | 757.8 µs |
| Random mix · read | 29,807 IOPS | 1,122 µs |
| Random mix · write | 12,785 IOPS | 1,434 µs |
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per job. The mixed job's reads and writes are listed separately.
Network performance
Source: Singapore, SG · LibreSpeed CLI 1.0.14 · public HTTPS destinations.
| Destination | Download | Upload | HTTP latency | HTTP jitter | Loss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frankfurt, Germany (Clouvider) 18/10/2026, 17:56:13 UTC · Separate VM network-only run · View reviewed run | 212.6 Mbit/s | 111.6 Mbit/s | 170.6 ms | 0.20 ms | Not measured |
| New York, United States (2) (Clouvider) 18/10/2026, 17:56:13 UTC · Separate VM network-only run · View reviewed run | 220.2 Mbit/s | 85.5 Mbit/s | 224.8 ms | 0.11 ms | Not measured |
One 10-second download and upload per destination, three concurrent streams, IPv4 over HTTPS, with no configured rate limit. HTTP latency and jitter are application-level measurements; packet loss was not measured. These paths do not establish maximum link capacity.
Latest matching published internet speed test for this provider, plan, recorded region and resource class, taken on a separate VM. These values are not measurements from this full benchmark deployment. The original capped iperf path checks remain under Evidence; their values and test window are unchanged.
Browse all network speed tests.
12 GiB outbound-interface abort threshold is sampled; kernel buffering and sampling may overshoot. Retained counters disclose actual observed bytes.
These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
PostgreSQL performance
PostgreSQL 16.15 · pgbench · in-memory and storage-bound datasets.
| Dataset profile | Transactions / sec | Average latency | Passed runs |
|---|---|---|---|
| In memory | 3,641 | 1.10 ms | 3 of 3 passed |
| Storage-bound | 3,248 | 1.23 ms | 3 of 3 passed |
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per dataset. Latency percentiles were not measured.
Running PostgreSQL yourself? Read our PostgreSQL tutorials.
Consistency across runs
One deployment · repeated runs inside the recorded test window.
Workload skipped · No measured score. This report covers a 22 min test window, so no time series exists and none is drawn.
| Repetition | CPU 1 thread | Memory read | Random read | PostgreSQL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,642 events/s | 30,488 MiB/s | 68,311 IOPS | 3,637 tx/s |
| 2 | 1,638 events/s | 31,793 MiB/s | 67,510 IOPS | 3,669 tx/s |
| 3 | 1,641 events/s | 30,883 MiB/s | 71,491 IOPS | 3,641 tx/s |
Individual runs, not medians. PostgreSQL uses the in-memory dataset. Spread within one test window does not establish long-term consistency.
Inspect the evidence.
Recorded environment, reviewed measurements and the published snapshot.
Reviewed, sanitized snapshot: every run, the environment record and all limitations. Raw intake logs remain private.
One deployment describes this report, not every server a provider operates.
A 22 min test window does not establish 24-hour consistency or long-term reliability.
AI-assisted review · AI-assisted review · Reviewed 18 Oct 2026 · Published 18 Oct 2026 · Revision 1
Review and measurement limits
- Single deployment; not an independent three-instance cohort.
- No hardware attestation.
- Pilot memory implements read/write; copy workload deferred.
- Network endpoints must be supplied by the operator; no public third-party servers are used.
- Database latency distribution is not available from this pilot parser; average latency only.
- This profile is not a full implementation of all proposed methodology tests.
- Resource-constrained environment: CPU workers and RAM reflect affinity/cgroup limits, not host capacity. Private resource-limits evidence retains both; do not merge container/VM or architecture cohorts.
- Short profile: does not establish 24-hour consistency.
- This report received AI-assisted evidence review under user-delegated authorization. This is not independent human verification or hardware attestation.
- This pilot measures its recorded test window. It does not establish 24-hour consistency, long-term reliability or provider-wide performance.
- Network tests use two controlled endpoints, one stream, a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and a requested 64 MiB byte target per direction. Reverse-mode polling can exceed that byte target; actual sent and received bytes govern traffic accounting. These results do not measure maximum link capacity.
- Provider, region and SKU were matched to retained deployment records. Missing detected values and deployment locations within a detected Hetzner network zone use operator-supplied context and remain labelled supplied. The original detected network zone is retained privately; the detected datacenter zone remains in the report. Control-plane records and checksums do not attest the physical host or establish physical-host independence.
- Package versions and available guard and journal evidence were reviewed. These records do not establish continuous absence of package activity throughout the test window.
- The pilot includes memory read/write and average PostgreSQL latency. Memory-copy tests and PostgreSQL latency percentiles are not implemented. Skipped consistency and missing measurements are not scores.
- These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
Environment and configuration
| Recorded field | Value |
|---|---|
| Provider | Hetzner · detected |
| Region | Singapore, SG (sin) · supplied |
| Plan | cpx32 · supplied |
| List price | €49.49 / month · €0.0793 / hour. List price on 17 Oct 2026, EUR net, before VAT. Includes €0.50 for the public IPv4 address. Source: Hetzner Cloud pricing (API). |
| CPU | AMD EPYC-Genoa Processor |
| Architecture | x86_64 |
| Kernel | 6.8.0-138-generic |
| Virtualization | kvm |
| Agent | 0.2.0 (45388107250ca6e26b216f15a9c17b8d405ec1b7+source.ff98e866b26b3ac76b512554) |
| Dependencies | sysbench: sysbench 1.0.20 · fio: fio-3.36 · iperf3: iperf 3.16 (cJSON 1.7.15) · postgresql: postgres (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · pgbench: pgbench (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · gzip: gzip 1.12 · apt:sysbench: 1.0.20+ds-6build2 · apt:fio: 3.36-1ubuntu0.1 · apt:iperf3: 3.16-1build2 · apt:postgresql-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:postgresql-client-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:gzip: 1.12-1ubuntu3.2 |
| Configuration hash | a0431e7c4e968ac1499b95898eaa977cd2ec0f4b2368a6c037ffd9473eb8e397 |
| Started | 2026-10-17T16:28:43.297Z |
| Finished | 2026-10-17T16:50:14.723Z |
| Execution status | completed |
Historical capped network path checks
Original full benchmark deployment · 17 Oct 2026. These controlled iperf path checks used a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and do not measure internet speed or maximum link capacity. RTT is the probe mean; jitter and packet loss were not measured. The original report JSON retains these measurements.
| Controlled destination | Download | Upload | RTT | Jitter | Loss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controlled endpoint 1 | 99.9 Mbit/s | 85.9 Mbit/s | 161.4 ms | — | — |
| Controlled endpoint 2 | 77.7 Mbit/s | 94.3 Mbit/s | 158.5 ms | — | — |
Every measured repetition and outcome
CPU performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 1 | passed | Events per second | 1,642 events/s |
| CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 1 | passed | Events per second | 6,563 events/s |
| CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 2 | passed | Events per second | 1,638 events/s |
| CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 2 | passed | Events per second | 6,536 events/s |
| CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 3 | passed | Events per second | 1,641 events/s |
| CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 3 | passed | Events per second | 6,561 events/s |
| gzip fixed corpus · repetition 1 | passed | Compression input throughput | 205.5 MiB/s |
Memory bandwidth
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memory read · repetition 1 | passed | Bandwidth | 30,488 MiB/s |
| Memory write · repetition 1 | passed | Bandwidth | 25,278 MiB/s |
| Memory read · repetition 2 | passed | Bandwidth | 31,793 MiB/s |
| Memory write · repetition 2 | passed | Bandwidth | 25,614 MiB/s |
| Memory read · repetition 3 | passed | Bandwidth | 30,883 MiB/s |
| Memory write · repetition 3 | passed | Bandwidth | 25,685 MiB/s |
Disk performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write bandwidth | 3,592 MB/s |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write operations | 3,425 IOPS |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write p50 latency | 9,110 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write p95 latency | 10,813 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write p99 latency | 12,648 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read bandwidth | 4,114 MB/s |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read operations | 3,923 IOPS |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read p50 latency | 7,635 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read p95 latency | 10,682 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read p99 latency | 11,862 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write bandwidth | 255.4 MB/s |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write operations | 62,358 IOPS |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write p50 latency | 485.4 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write p95 latency | 708.6 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write p99 latency | 1,106 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read bandwidth | 279.8 MB/s |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read operations | 68,311 IOPS |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read p50 latency | 444.4 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read p95 latency | 659.5 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read p99 latency | 880.6 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read bandwidth | 122.1 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read operations | 29,807 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read p50 latency | 659.5 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read p95 latency | 1,122 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read p99 latency | 1,319 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write bandwidth | 52.4 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write operations | 12,785 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write p50 latency | 684.0 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,417 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write p99 latency | 2,277 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write bandwidth | 3,385 MB/s |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write operations | 3,228 IOPS |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write p50 latency | 9,634 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write p95 latency | 11,207 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write p99 latency | 12,648 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read bandwidth | 4,293 MB/s |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read operations | 4,094 IOPS |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read p50 latency | 7,373 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read p95 latency | 10,420 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read p99 latency | 11,731 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write bandwidth | 258.0 MB/s |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write operations | 62,985 IOPS |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write p50 latency | 469.0 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write p95 latency | 798.7 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write p99 latency | 1,253 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read bandwidth | 276.5 MB/s |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read operations | 67,510 IOPS |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read p50 latency | 448.5 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read p95 latency | 667.6 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read p99 latency | 888.8 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read bandwidth | 122.2 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read operations | 29,845 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read p50 latency | 659.5 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read p95 latency | 1,122 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read p99 latency | 1,335 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write bandwidth | 52.4 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write operations | 12,802 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write p50 latency | 684.0 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,434 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write p99 latency | 2,277 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write bandwidth | 3,255 MB/s |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write operations | 3,104 IOPS |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write p50 latency | 10,027 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write p95 latency | 11,731 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write p99 latency | 13,435 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read bandwidth | 4,025 MB/s |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read operations | 3,838 IOPS |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read p50 latency | 7,832 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read p95 latency | 11,076 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read p99 latency | 12,255 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write bandwidth | 257.2 MB/s |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write operations | 62,789 IOPS |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write p50 latency | 477.2 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write p95 latency | 757.8 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write p99 latency | 1,221 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read bandwidth | 292.8 MB/s |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read operations | 71,491 IOPS |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read p50 latency | 423.9 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read p95 latency | 618.5 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read p99 latency | 856.1 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read bandwidth | 121.0 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read operations | 29,551 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read p50 latency | 667.6 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read p95 latency | 1,139 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read p99 latency | 1,352 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write bandwidth | 51.9 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write operations | 12,675 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write p50 latency | 700.4 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,450 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write p99 latency | 2,277 µs |
Network performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 90.2 Mbit/s |
| Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 85.9 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 100.0 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 99.9 Mbit/s |
| Latency endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Round-trip mean | 161.4 ms |
| Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 98.2 Mbit/s |
| Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 94.3 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 80.1 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 77.7 Mbit/s |
| Latency endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Round-trip mean | 158.5 ms |
PostgreSQL performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Transactions | 3,637 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Average latency | 1.10 ms |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Transactions | 3,669 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Average latency | 1.09 ms |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Transactions | 3,641 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Average latency | 1.10 ms |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Transactions | 3,248 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Average latency | 1.23 ms |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Transactions | 3,234 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Average latency | 1.24 ms |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Transactions | 3,298 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Average latency | 1.21 ms |
Consistency over time
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24-hour consistency · repetition 1 | skipped | No measured score | Not measured |