Hetzner ccx23
The complete benchmark report. Every workload, in one place.
All values below are medians of passed runs unless stated otherwise.
CPU performance
sysbench 1.0.20 prime workload · 1 thread and all 4 vCPUs.
Single thread
All 4 vCPUs
- 1 thread1,652
- 4 threads3,584
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per thread count.
gzip fixed corpus · compression input throughput 205.8 MiB/s · single run.
Memory bandwidth
sysbench 1.0.20 memory · sequential read and write operations.
- Read32,787
- Write26,679
- CopyNot measured
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per operation. The copy workload is deferred in this methodology.
Disk performance
fio 3.36 · direct I/O · sequential, random and mixed jobs measured separately.
| Workload | Throughput | p95 latency |
|---|---|---|
| Sequential read | 4,371 MB/s | 10,289 µs |
| Sequential write | 3,611 MB/s | 10,289 µs |
| Random read | 71,840 IOPS | 593.9 µs |
| Random write | 63,100 IOPS | 1,020 µs |
| Random mix · read | 28,385 IOPS | 1,106 µs |
| Random mix · write | 12,168 IOPS | 1,843 µs |
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per job. The mixed job's reads and writes are listed separately.
Network performance
Source: Singapore, SG · LibreSpeed CLI 1.0.14 · public HTTPS destinations.
| Destination | Download | Upload | HTTP latency | HTTP jitter | Loss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frankfurt, Germany (Clouvider) 18/10/2026, 18:09:31 UTC · Separate VM network-only run · View reviewed run | 91.7 Mbit/s | 105.2 Mbit/s | 156.8 ms | 0.12 ms | Not measured |
| New York, United States (2) (Clouvider) 18/10/2026, 18:09:31 UTC · Separate VM network-only run · View reviewed run | 164.3 Mbit/s | 82.3 Mbit/s | 252.5 ms | 59.3 ms | Not measured |
One 10-second download and upload per destination, three concurrent streams, IPv4 over HTTPS, with no configured rate limit. HTTP latency and jitter are application-level measurements; packet loss was not measured. These paths do not establish maximum link capacity.
Latest matching published internet speed test for this provider, plan, recorded region and resource class, taken on a separate VM. These values are not measurements from this full benchmark deployment. The original capped iperf path checks remain under Evidence; their values and test window are unchanged.
Browse all network speed tests.
12 GiB outbound-interface abort threshold is sampled; kernel buffering and sampling may overshoot. Retained counters disclose actual observed bytes.
These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
PostgreSQL performance
PostgreSQL 16.15 · pgbench · in-memory and storage-bound datasets.
| Dataset profile | Transactions / sec | Average latency | Passed runs |
|---|---|---|---|
| In memory | 3,736 | 1.07 ms | 3 of 3 passed |
| Storage-bound | 3,376 | 1.18 ms | 3 of 3 passed |
Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per dataset. Latency percentiles were not measured.
Running PostgreSQL yourself? Read our PostgreSQL tutorials.
Consistency across runs
One deployment · repeated runs inside the recorded test window.
Workload skipped · No measured score. This report covers a 21 min test window, so no time series exists and none is drawn.
| Repetition | CPU 1 thread | Memory read | Random read | PostgreSQL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,653 events/s | 32,760 MiB/s | 71,840 IOPS | 3,736 tx/s |
| 2 | 1,652 events/s | 32,787 MiB/s | 71,696 IOPS | 3,707 tx/s |
| 3 | 1,652 events/s | 33,946 MiB/s | 73,309 IOPS | 3,745 tx/s |
Individual runs, not medians. PostgreSQL uses the in-memory dataset. Spread within one test window does not establish long-term consistency.
Inspect the evidence.
Recorded environment, reviewed measurements and the published snapshot.
Reviewed, sanitized snapshot: every run, the environment record and all limitations. Raw intake logs remain private.
One deployment describes this report, not every server a provider operates.
A 21 min test window does not establish 24-hour consistency or long-term reliability.
AI-assisted review · AI-assisted review · Reviewed 18 Oct 2026 · Published 18 Oct 2026 · Revision 1
Review and measurement limits
- Single deployment; not an independent three-instance cohort.
- No hardware attestation.
- Pilot memory implements read/write; copy workload deferred.
- Network endpoints must be supplied by the operator; no public third-party servers are used.
- Database latency distribution is not available from this pilot parser; average latency only.
- This profile is not a full implementation of all proposed methodology tests.
- Resource-constrained environment: CPU workers and RAM reflect affinity/cgroup limits, not host capacity. Private resource-limits evidence retains both; do not merge container/VM or architecture cohorts.
- Short profile: does not establish 24-hour consistency.
- This report received AI-assisted evidence review under user-delegated authorization. This is not independent human verification or hardware attestation.
- This pilot measures its recorded test window. It does not establish 24-hour consistency, long-term reliability or provider-wide performance.
- Network tests use two controlled endpoints, one stream, a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and a requested 64 MiB byte target per direction. Reverse-mode polling can exceed that byte target; actual sent and received bytes govern traffic accounting. These results do not measure maximum link capacity.
- Provider, region and SKU were matched to retained deployment records. Missing detected values and deployment locations within a detected Hetzner network zone use operator-supplied context and remain labelled supplied. The original detected network zone is retained privately; the detected datacenter zone remains in the report. Control-plane records and checksums do not attest the physical host or establish physical-host independence.
- Package versions and available guard and journal evidence were reviewed. These records do not establish continuous absence of package activity throughout the test window.
- The pilot includes memory read/write and average PostgreSQL latency. Memory-copy tests and PostgreSQL latency percentiles are not implemented. Skipped consistency and missing measurements are not scores.
- These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
Environment and configuration
| Recorded field | Value |
|---|---|
| Provider | Hetzner · detected |
| Region | Singapore, SG (sin) · supplied |
| Plan | ccx23 · supplied |
| List price | €108.99 / month · €0.1747 / hour. List price on 17 Oct 2026, EUR net, before VAT. Includes €0.50 for the public IPv4 address. Source: Hetzner Cloud pricing (API). |
| CPU | AMD EPYC-Milan Processor |
| Architecture | x86_64 |
| Kernel | 6.8.0-138-generic |
| Virtualization | kvm |
| Agent | 0.2.0 (45388107250ca6e26b216f15a9c17b8d405ec1b7+source.ff98e866b26b3ac76b512554) |
| Dependencies | sysbench: sysbench 1.0.20 · fio: fio-3.36 · iperf3: iperf 3.16 (cJSON 1.7.15) · postgresql: postgres (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · pgbench: pgbench (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · gzip: gzip 1.12 · apt:sysbench: 1.0.20+ds-6build2 · apt:fio: 3.36-1ubuntu0.1 · apt:iperf3: 3.16-1build2 · apt:postgresql-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:postgresql-client-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:gzip: 1.12-1ubuntu3.2 |
| Configuration hash | 8479201c59e05417ea71d1a74ebed812291a728afceb3b359dc3edc99800776d |
| Started | 2026-10-17T18:02:35.795Z |
| Finished | 2026-10-17T18:24:01.556Z |
| Execution status | completed |
Historical capped network path checks
Original full benchmark deployment · 17 Oct 2026. These controlled iperf path checks used a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and do not measure internet speed or maximum link capacity. RTT is the probe mean; jitter and packet loss were not measured. The original report JSON retains these measurements.
| Controlled destination | Download | Upload | RTT | Jitter | Loss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controlled endpoint 1 | 99.6 Mbit/s | 97.0 Mbit/s | 161.4 ms | — | — |
| Controlled endpoint 2 | 100.1 Mbit/s | 96.9 Mbit/s | 160.1 ms | — | — |
Every measured repetition and outcome
CPU performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 1 | passed | Events per second | 1,653 events/s |
| CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 1 | passed | Events per second | 3,584 events/s |
| CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 2 | passed | Events per second | 1,652 events/s |
| CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 2 | passed | Events per second | 3,583 events/s |
| CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 3 | passed | Events per second | 1,652 events/s |
| CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 3 | passed | Events per second | 3,585 events/s |
| gzip fixed corpus · repetition 1 | passed | Compression input throughput | 205.8 MiB/s |
Memory bandwidth
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memory read · repetition 1 | passed | Bandwidth | 32,760 MiB/s |
| Memory write · repetition 1 | passed | Bandwidth | 26,776 MiB/s |
| Memory read · repetition 2 | passed | Bandwidth | 32,787 MiB/s |
| Memory write · repetition 2 | passed | Bandwidth | 26,679 MiB/s |
| Memory read · repetition 3 | passed | Bandwidth | 33,946 MiB/s |
| Memory write · repetition 3 | passed | Bandwidth | 26,530 MiB/s |
Disk performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write bandwidth | 3,288 MB/s |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write operations | 3,136 IOPS |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write p50 latency | 10,027 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write p95 latency | 11,207 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 1 | passed | write p99 latency | 12,780 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read bandwidth | 4,371 MB/s |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read operations | 4,169 IOPS |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read p50 latency | 7,242 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read p95 latency | 10,289 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 1 | passed | read p99 latency | 10,945 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write bandwidth | 258.8 MB/s |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write operations | 63,173 IOPS |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write p50 latency | 456.7 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,020 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 1 | passed | write p99 latency | 1,270 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read bandwidth | 294.3 MB/s |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read operations | 71,840 IOPS |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read p50 latency | 428.0 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read p95 latency | 593.9 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 1 | passed | read p99 latency | 856.1 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read bandwidth | 117.5 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read operations | 28,692 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read p50 latency | 675.8 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read p95 latency | 1,106 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | read p99 latency | 1,204 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write bandwidth | 50.4 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write operations | 12,301 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write p50 latency | 880.6 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,876 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 1 | passed | write p99 latency | 2,605 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write bandwidth | 3,982 MB/s |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write operations | 3,797 IOPS |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write p50 latency | 8,225 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write p95 latency | 9,241 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 2 | passed | write p99 latency | 10,420 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read bandwidth | 4,777 MB/s |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read operations | 4,555 IOPS |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read p50 latency | 6,652 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read p95 latency | 9,241 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 2 | passed | read p99 latency | 10,027 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write bandwidth | 258.5 MB/s |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write operations | 63,100 IOPS |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write p50 latency | 464.9 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write p95 latency | 888.8 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 2 | passed | write p99 latency | 1,286 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read bandwidth | 293.7 MB/s |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read operations | 71,696 IOPS |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read p50 latency | 428.0 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read p95 latency | 593.9 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 2 | passed | read p99 latency | 897.0 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read bandwidth | 116.3 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read operations | 28,385 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read p50 latency | 700.4 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read p95 latency | 1,106 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | read p99 latency | 1,221 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write bandwidth | 49.8 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write operations | 12,168 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write p50 latency | 856.1 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,794 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 2 | passed | write p99 latency | 2,540 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write bandwidth | 3,611 MB/s |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write operations | 3,444 IOPS |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write p50 latency | 8,978 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write p95 latency | 10,289 µs |
| Disk write · repetition 3 | passed | write p99 latency | 11,469 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read bandwidth | 4,323 MB/s |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read operations | 4,123 IOPS |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read p50 latency | 7,307 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read p95 latency | 10,289 µs |
| Disk read · repetition 3 | passed | read p99 latency | 11,207 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write bandwidth | 253.3 MB/s |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write operations | 61,834 IOPS |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write p50 latency | 469.0 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,020 µs |
| Disk randwrite · repetition 3 | passed | write p99 latency | 1,286 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read bandwidth | 300.3 MB/s |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read operations | 73,309 IOPS |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read p50 latency | 419.8 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read p95 latency | 577.5 µs |
| Disk randread · repetition 3 | passed | read p99 latency | 856.1 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read bandwidth | 113.2 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read operations | 27,633 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read p50 latency | 766.0 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read p95 latency | 1,106 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | read p99 latency | 1,221 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write bandwidth | 48.5 MB/s |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write operations | 11,845 IOPS |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write p50 latency | 888.8 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write p95 latency | 1,843 µs |
| Disk randrw · repetition 3 | passed | write p99 latency | 2,572 µs |
Network performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 100.2 Mbit/s |
| Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 97.0 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 100.1 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 99.6 Mbit/s |
| Latency endpoint 1 · repetition 1 | passed | Round-trip mean | 161.4 ms |
| Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 100.2 Mbit/s |
| Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 96.9 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Sender throughput | 100.0 Mbit/s |
| Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Receiver throughput | 100.1 Mbit/s |
| Latency endpoint 2 · repetition 1 | passed | Round-trip mean | 160.1 ms |
PostgreSQL performance
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Transactions | 3,736 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Average latency | 1.07 ms |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Transactions | 3,707 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Average latency | 1.08 ms |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Transactions | 3,745 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Average latency | 1.07 ms |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Transactions | 3,391 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1 | passed | Average latency | 1.18 ms |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Transactions | 3,376 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2 | passed | Average latency | 1.18 ms |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Transactions | 3,358 tx/s |
| PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3 | passed | Average latency | 1.19 ms |
Consistency over time
| Workload / repetition | Outcome | Metric | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24-hour consistency · repetition 1 | skipped | No measured score | Not measured |