AI-assisted review
Instance benchmark

Hetzner ccx23

The complete benchmark report. Every workload, in one place.

4 vCPU15.2 GiB RAMx86_64Nuremberg, DE
Published report · 17 Oct 2026 · One deployment · 22 min test windowUbuntu 24.04.4 · Region nbg1 · Method pilot-1

All values below are medians of passed runs unless stated otherwise.

01 /

CPU performance

sysbench 1.0.20 prime workload · 1 thread and all 4 vCPUs.

1,654events/s
Single thread
3,588events/s
All 4 vCPUs
Events / sec
  • 1 thread
    1,654
  • 4 threads
    3,588

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per thread count.

gzip fixed corpus · compression input throughput 205.7 MiB/s · single run.

02 /

Memory bandwidth

sysbench 1.0.20 memory · sequential read and write operations.

Read28,015 MiB/s
Write22,637 MiB/s
CopyNot measured
Throughput (MiB/s)
  • Read
    28,015
  • Write
    22,637
  • Copy
    Not measured

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per operation. The copy workload is deferred in this methodology.

03 /

Disk performance

fio 3.36 · direct I/O · sequential, random and mixed jobs measured separately.

WorkloadThroughputp95 latency
Sequential read4,270 MB/s10,289 µs
Sequential write3,447 MB/s10,945 µs
Random read72,023 IOPS593.9 µs
Random write57,288 IOPS1,122 µs
Random mix · read27,458 IOPS1,073 µs
Random mix · write11,771 IOPS1,843 µs

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per job. The mixed job's reads and writes are listed separately.

04 /

Network performance

Source: Nuremberg, DE · published internet speed observations.

No published internet speed test for this plan and region.

The original capped iperf path checks are retained as historical evidence under Evidence.

05 /

PostgreSQL performance

PostgreSQL 16.15 · pgbench · in-memory and storage-bound datasets.

Dataset profileTransactions / secAverage latencyPassed runs
In memory3,3041.21 ms3 of 3 passed
Storage-bound3,1061.29 ms3 of 3 passed

Median of 3 passed runs of about 30 seconds per dataset. Latency percentiles were not measured.

06 /

Consistency across runs

One deployment · repeated runs inside the recorded test window.

24-hour consistencyNot measured

Workload skipped · No measured score. This report covers a 22 min test window, so no time series exists and none is drawn.

RepetitionCPU 1 threadMemory readRandom readPostgreSQL
11,654 events/s27,614 MiB/s72,023 IOPS3,276 tx/s
21,653 events/s28,027 MiB/s70,604 IOPS3,367 tx/s
31,656 events/s28,015 MiB/s74,342 IOPS3,304 tx/s

Individual runs, not medians. PostgreSQL uses the in-memory dataset. Spread within one test window does not establish long-term consistency.

07 /

Inspect the evidence.

Recorded environment, reviewed measurements and the published snapshot.

OSUbuntu 24.04.4 LTS
Architecturex86_64
Methodpilot-1
Deployments1
Window22 min
report.json

Reviewed, sanitized snapshot: every run, the environment record and all limitations. Raw intake logs remain private.

Read the full methodology

One deployment describes this report, not every server a provider operates.

A 22 min test window does not establish 24-hour consistency or long-term reliability.

AI-assisted review · AI-assisted review · Reviewed 18 Oct 2026 · Published 18 Oct 2026 · Revision 1

Review and measurement limits
  • Single deployment; not an independent three-instance cohort.
  • No hardware attestation.
  • Pilot memory implements read/write; copy workload deferred.
  • Network endpoints must be supplied by the operator; no public third-party servers are used.
  • Database latency distribution is not available from this pilot parser; average latency only.
  • This profile is not a full implementation of all proposed methodology tests.
  • Resource-constrained environment: CPU workers and RAM reflect affinity/cgroup limits, not host capacity. Private resource-limits evidence retains both; do not merge container/VM or architecture cohorts.
  • Short profile: does not establish 24-hour consistency.
  • This report received AI-assisted evidence review under user-delegated authorization. This is not independent human verification or hardware attestation.
  • This pilot measures its recorded test window. It does not establish 24-hour consistency, long-term reliability or provider-wide performance.
  • Network tests use two controlled endpoints, one stream, a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and a requested 64 MiB byte target per direction. Reverse-mode polling can exceed that byte target; actual sent and received bytes govern traffic accounting. These results do not measure maximum link capacity.
  • Provider, region and SKU were matched to retained deployment records. Missing detected values and deployment locations within a detected Hetzner network zone use operator-supplied context and remain labelled supplied. The original detected network zone is retained privately; the detected datacenter zone remains in the report. Control-plane records and checksums do not attest the physical host or establish physical-host independence.
  • Package versions and available guard and journal evidence were reviewed. These records do not establish continuous absence of package activity throughout the test window.
  • The pilot includes memory read/write and average PostgreSQL latency. Memory-copy tests and PostgreSQL latency percentiles are not implemented. Skipped consistency and missing measurements are not scores.
  • These network observations were collected during provider-reported maintenance on core routers. They are not a normal-path baseline. The status notice does not establish that maintenance caused any individual measurement or any CPU, memory, disk or database result.
Environment and configuration
Recorded fieldValue
ProviderHetzner · detected
RegionNuremberg, DE (nbg1) · supplied
Planccx23 · supplied
CPUAMD EPYC-Milan Processor
Architecturex86_64
Kernel6.8.0-138-generic
Virtualizationkvm
Agent0.2.0 (45388107250ca6e26b216f15a9c17b8d405ec1b7+source.ff98e866b26b3ac76b512554)
Dependenciessysbench: sysbench 1.0.20 · fio: fio-3.36 · iperf3: iperf 3.16 (cJSON 1.7.15) · postgresql: postgres (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · pgbench: pgbench (PostgreSQL) 16.15 (Ubuntu 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) · gzip: gzip 1.12 · apt:sysbench: 1.0.20+ds-6build2 · apt:fio: 3.36-1ubuntu0.1 · apt:iperf3: 3.16-1build2 · apt:postgresql-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:postgresql-client-16: 16.15-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 · apt:gzip: 1.12-1ubuntu3.2
Configuration hash8479201c59e05417ea71d1a74ebed812291a728afceb3b359dc3edc99800776d
Started2026-10-17T16:55:29.047Z
Finished2026-10-17T17:17:02.898Z
Execution statuscompleted
Historical capped network path checks

Original full benchmark deployment · 17 Oct 2026. These controlled iperf path checks used a 100 Mbit/s rate setting and do not measure internet speed or maximum link capacity. RTT is the probe mean; jitter and packet loss were not measured. The original report JSON retains these measurements.

Controlled destinationDownloadUploadRTTJitterLoss
Controlled endpoint 1100.1 Mbit/s100.1 Mbit/s3.24 ms——
Controlled endpoint 2100.1 Mbit/s100.1 Mbit/s0.70 ms——
Every measured repetition and outcome

CPU performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 1passedEvents per second1,654 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 1passedEvents per second3,588 events/s
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 2passedEvents per second1,653 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 2passedEvents per second3,593 events/s
CPU 1 thread(s) · repetition 3passedEvents per second1,656 events/s
CPU 4 thread(s) · repetition 3passedEvents per second3,587 events/s
gzip fixed corpus · repetition 1passedCompression input throughput205.7 MiB/s

Memory bandwidth

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Memory read · repetition 1passedBandwidth27,614 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 1passedBandwidth22,926 MiB/s
Memory read · repetition 2passedBandwidth28,027 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 2passedBandwidth22,637 MiB/s
Memory read · repetition 3passedBandwidth28,015 MiB/s
Memory write · repetition 3passedBandwidth22,250 MiB/s

Disk performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth4,094 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite operations3,904 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency7,832 µs
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency10,420 µs
Disk write · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency13,042 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread bandwidth4,523 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 1passedread operations4,313 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p50 latency7,111 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p95 latency9,765 µs
Disk read · repetition 1passedread p99 latency10,945 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth234.7 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite operations57,288 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency493.6 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency1,122 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency1,286 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread bandwidth295.0 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread operations72,023 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p50 latency428.0 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p95 latency593.9 µs
Disk randread · repetition 1passedread p99 latency864.3 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread bandwidth112.5 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread operations27,458 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p50 latency766.0 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p95 latency1,090 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedread p99 latency1,188 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite bandwidth48.2 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite operations11,771 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p50 latency929.8 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p95 latency1,843 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 1passedwrite p99 latency2,572 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth3,430 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite operations3,271 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency9,503 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency11,338 µs
Disk write · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency14,877 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread bandwidth4,207 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 2passedread operations4,012 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p50 latency7,700 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p95 latency10,289 µs
Disk read · repetition 2passedread p99 latency11,862 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth241.9 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite operations59,058 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency493.6 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency978.9 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency1,286 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread bandwidth289.2 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread operations70,604 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p50 latency432.1 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p95 latency610.3 µs
Disk randread · repetition 2passedread p99 latency913.4 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread bandwidth113.9 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread operations27,805 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p50 latency757.8 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p95 latency1,073 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedread p99 latency1,171 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite bandwidth48.8 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite operations11,920 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p50 latency913.4 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p95 latency1,843 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 2passedwrite p99 latency2,540 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth3,447 MB/s
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite operations3,287 IOPS
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency9,634 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency10,945 µs
Disk write · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency13,959 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread bandwidth4,270 MB/s
Disk read · repetition 3passedread operations4,072 IOPS
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p50 latency7,569 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p95 latency10,420 µs
Disk read · repetition 3passedread p99 latency11,862 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth232.4 MB/s
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite operations56,744 IOPS
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency481.3 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency1,171 µs
Disk randwrite · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency1,303 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread bandwidth304.5 MB/s
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread operations74,342 IOPS
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p50 latency411.6 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p95 latency569.3 µs
Disk randread · repetition 3passedread p99 latency872.4 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread bandwidth111.4 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread operations27,196 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p50 latency798.7 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p95 latency1,073 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedread p99 latency1,188 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite bandwidth47.8 MB/s
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite operations11,661 IOPS
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p50 latency938.0 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p95 latency1,843 µs
Disk randrw · repetition 3passedwrite p99 latency2,540 µs

Network performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.2 Mbit/s
Network upload endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Latency endpoint 1 · repetition 1passedRound-trip mean3.24 ms
Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.2 Mbit/s
Network upload endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedSender throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Network download endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedReceiver throughput100.1 Mbit/s
Latency endpoint 2 · repetition 1passedRound-trip mean0.70 ms

PostgreSQL performance

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1passedTransactions3,276 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 1passedAverage latency1.22 ms
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2passedTransactions3,367 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 2passedAverage latency1.19 ms
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3passedTransactions3,304 tx/s
PostgreSQL memory dataset · repetition 3passedAverage latency1.21 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1passedTransactions3,106 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 1passedAverage latency1.29 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2passedTransactions3,041 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 2passedAverage latency1.31 ms
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3passedTransactions3,141 tx/s
PostgreSQL storage dataset · repetition 3passedAverage latency1.27 ms

Consistency over time

Workload / repetitionOutcomeMetricValue
24-hour consistency · repetition 1skippedNo measured scoreNot measured